The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) produced a lacklustre outcome by any measure, as reflected in many post-COP analyses. This remains significant because COP outcomes continue to shape the direction, pace, and credibility of global climate diplomacy, even when they fall short.

The summit’s two highest-stakes issues, fossil fuel phaseout and deforestation, were effectively sidelined.

Financing must for climate-resilient water management