Silent threats before birth: Air pollution and climate risks for infants

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and climatic factors, such as temperature and rainfall, is associated with adverse birth outcomes in India, according to a new study published in PLOS Global Public Health. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), tiny particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter produced mainly by burning fossil fuels and biomass, poses a significant health risk and has been linked to a variety of paediatric and adult illnesses. India is among the most polluted countries globally, with PM2.5 levels far exceeding both national and World Health Organisation standards.

While most research on air pollution and birth outcomes has focused on high-income countries, this study examined the impact of PM2.5 at the national level in India, assessing low birth weight and preterm birth. Using satellite data and large-scale surveys, the researchers found that higher in utero exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risks of both outcomes. Climatic factors, including high temperatures and irregular rainfall, were also linked to adverse birth outcomes. Northern districts of India were identified as particularly vulnerable.

The study highlights the need for targeted public health interventions. Strengthening the National Clean Air Program with stricter emission standards and improved air quality monitoring is recommended, alongside climate adaptation measures such as heat action plans and better water management. Awareness campaigns for pregnant women about the risks of air pollution and climate extremes could also help reduce health risks.

The findings underscore the importance of integrating air quality management and climate resilience into maternal and child health strategies to protect vulnerable populations and improve birth outcomes across India.