Prof Mohsin Zillur Karim

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart abruptly stops functioning, leading to haemodynamic collapse and sudden death. It can manifest within an hour of symptom onset in witnessed cases or within 24 hours in unwitnessed cases. In autopsy findings, it is described as a natural, unexpected death due to cardiac or unknown causes.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and progressive liver disease. PBC starts at the small bile duct located in the liver - intrahepatic bile ducts - which are then destroyed in the course of the disease. As a consequence, since bile cannot be excreted into the gut, it is retained and accelerates liver damage.

Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in the strength of bone that leads to an increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis results from bone loss due to age related changes in bone remodelling as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factors that accelerate the process.

Exposure to known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remains alarmingly common and presents one of the largest barriers to improved global health.